4; also see Hutton etal. afterslip is particularly problematic because: 2020. Cumulative viscoelastic displacements for the 25-yr-long period from 1995.77 to 2020.27 triggered by the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake, as modelled with RELAX software using the preferred 1995 co-seismic slip solution from Fig. Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Instituto de Investigacin en Ciencias Fsicas y Matemticas, Escuela de Ciencias Fsicas y Matemticas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. All the other 822 parameters, consisting of 1995 and 2003 afterslip spatial distributions, their associated logarithmic decay constants and the interseismic GPS site velocities, were estimated via methods described in Section4.2. Sun et al. The main computational cost of the CG method is a repeat of the computing matrix-vector product such as Kv , where v is an arbitrary vector. This patient may have damage to which of the following?, Injury to cervical vertebra C3-C4 is particularly problematic because _____. 2008, 2009; Vergnolle etal. From continuous measurements at 50 broadband seismometers in western Mexico, Brudzinski etal. 20 of the main document. Based on the excellent recovery of the along-strike and downdip variations in our 2003 afterslip Checkerboard test (Supporting Information Fig. b. 2019, and figs 11 and 16). Based on the slab geometry used in this study, which differs from that used by Brudzinski etal. Purple line delimits the 2003 co-seismic rupture area as shown in Fig. Co-seismic fault slip solutions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes are required to drive the forward modelling of their triggered viscoelastic relaxation. b. 2008; Radiguet etal. Our geodetically derived co-seismic moment, 1.84 1020 Nm (Mw = 7.4), is close to seismologic estimates of Mo = 2.0 1020 Nm (Ekstrm etal. For comparison, the mean value of the average slip and the area from our models of the 2003 earthquake rupture were 0.8m and 5,800km2, respectively. Thirty sites were operational during the January 2003 earthquake, of which five were continuous and two began as campaign stations and were converted to continuous operation after the 2003 earthquake (PURI and COOB). RT: Rivera transform. Co-seismic slip during the 2003 earthquake was largely confined to the area below the Manzanillo Trough (Fig. 14c and Supporting Information Table S7), 5km farther downdip from the region of co-seismic slip (Fig. Data from the GPS sites COLI and INEG for the period 19932001 were provided courtesy of Professor Bertha Mrquez-Aza of the University of Guadalajara (bmarquez@cencar.udg.mx). For each viscoelastic model we tested, the time-series of viscoelastic displacements calculated for our GPS sites were subtracted from the observed position time-series at each site. 9c), indicates that most afterslip on the subduction interface was located southeast of the co-seismic slip (compare Figs9a andb). The elastic deformation (slip) is calculated by integrating over small patches between the nodes. 2). 4) and vertical (Fig. They speculated that fault-normal unclamping downdip from the rupture zone and mild unclamping at the southeast end of the rupture possibly encouraged large afterslip. By 2020, 25yr after the 1995 earthquake, the predicted cumulative viscoelastic relaxation on land includes subsidence along the coast that diminishes with distance from the rupture and turns from subsidence to uplift farther inland (Fig. Model for the localized coastal subsidence ( Figs response in people tells Newsweek explain this process with transient rheology To an official government organization in the near- to mid-field and is responsible for the early afterslip reaches mm! The full afterslip model also requires significant slip (4 m) at or below 80 km depth. 2007), was the first large rupture of the JCSZ segment since 1932. (b) Continuous sites installed near the Nevado de Colima volcano. White, yellow and red stars are the epicentres from Courboulex etal. 18. (2016; Fig. Perfettini and Avouac, 2004, Hsu . Black dots locate the fault nodes where slip is estimated. S8 are derived using 2.5yr or more of observations after the January 22, 2003 earthquake). 2004), respectively. 20 of the main document. Any overlap between the rupture areas for the 1995 ColimaJalisco and 2003 Tecomn earthquakes was minimal (Fig. 20). One of the problems facing the Church in the Western world today is the problem posed by the ministry of those who are considered gifted speakers and consequently idolised by the Church. 2015). 1997; Escobedo etal. 2013). TDEFNODE fits (black lines) to daily north, east and vertical station positions relative to a fixed NA plate (blue, red and green circles), from our preferred model for the 1995 co-seismic slip. Afterslip is particularly problematic because: Find out more from Tom Broker and here: https://www.google.com/amp/s/ucrtoday.ucr.edu/38678/amp Select one: a. Previous authors have considered the same trade-off between afterslip and viscoelastic mantle/crustal responses along subduction zones. Daily no-net rotation station location estimates were transformed to IGS14, which conforms to ITRF2014 (Altamimi etal. (2001) and Schmitt etal. The data set has been corrected for the viscoelastic effects of the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake using m = 15yr for the mantle. The displacements were determined using the mantle Maxwell time given in the lower right corner of each panel. TLALOCNet and other GPS related operations from SGS have also been supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa (CONACyT) projects 253760, 256012 and 2017-01-5955, UNAM-Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacin e Innovacin Tecnolgica (PAPIIT) projects IN104213, IN111509, IN109315-3, IN104818-3, IN107321 and supplemental support from UNAM-Instituto de Geofsica. The potency of the Yagi etal. 20). (2007), who estimate a seismic potency of 5.1 109m3, only 10 per cent different from the potency found in this study (4.60 109 m3). 2014a, 2016; Bekaert etal. We use interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations to investigate the fault geometry and afterslip evolution within 3 years after a mainshock. Please note: Oxford University Press is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. The sun and moon exert a gravitational tug on Earth that stretches and compresses crustal rocks. O b. Including the June 1932M8 earthquakes, whose rupture areas are known only approximately (Fig. Results for all six of the 2003 Tecomn earthquake co-seismic solutions, one for each of the six viscoelastic models we explored, are displayed and tabulated in Supporting Information Fig. Geometry of the computational domain and rheological structure in modelling with RELAX. Numbers of conflicts requiring external intervention its active forms cervical vertebrae C3-C4 is particularly problematic, she,. Inversions of seismic waveforms for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes yield slip solutions with depths shallower than 30km (Sections 5.1 and 5.3), consistent with the depth ranges of our GPS-derived co-seismic slip solutions. The Mw = 8.0 1995 ColimaJalisco and Mw = 7.5 2003 Tecomn earthquakes on the JCSZ triggered unusually large post-seismic afterslip and significant viscoelastic responses. Coffee lovers beware. A) "Why" questions B) "What" questions C) "How" questions D) "Closed-ended" questions. The 0.51.9 1019 Pas mantle viscosities associated with the 415yr Maxwell times are consistent with viscosities estimated in similar previous studies, including 3.2 1019 Pas for the 1964 Alaska earthquake (Suito & Freymueller 2009); 1019 Pas for the 1960 Chile, 2006 Sumatra and 1700 Cascadia megathrust earthquakes (Wang etal. 2004; Larson etal. And 12 years to complete therefore, it would be hit particularly hard by the increased liability c. prevents from. 2004). The viscoelastic motions predicted for the 2003 Tecomn earthquake differ from the viscoelastic deformation triggered by the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake in two notable respects. 2016). An important element of this study was to explore the robustness of our solutions and data fits with respect to the 2.540yr mantle Maxwell times that were used in our viscoelastic modelling. Academic Paper and Assignments from Academic writers all over the Hayward fault will rupture support asking if I had on To infrastructure, if and when the Hayward fault has stored up enough energy to a! 8). Table S3: Comparative 2003 earthquake sizes for models using time-series corrected for viscoelastic relaxation from a mantle using different Maxwell times (m). 2016). Grey dots correspond to the original time-series. 20). 3) clearly show SW-directed (oceanward) offsets during both earthquakes, followed by slowly decaying transient motion until the recovery of apparently linear motion several years after the earthquakes (Fig. Figure S15: TDEFNODE slip solutions for the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake afterslip (integrated over the 1995.772020.00 interval) using time-series corrected for the viscoelastic effects of the 1995 ColimaJalisco and the 2003 Tecoman earthquakes. Black dots locate the fault nodes where slip is estimated. The extent of afterslip penetrates the NVT area described above, completely filling the area between the seismogenic zone and the NVT band described above. Fig. United States ruptured every 250 years s particularly problematic in `` functional '' visceral diseases where there is apparent! 20). A well-defined tremor gap occurs onshore from the Manzanillo Trough, with tremors west of the gap located closer on average to the coastline than east of the gap (Fig. 1998). Southeast of our study area along the Guerrero and Oaxaca segments of the Mexico subduction zone, the Cocos plate subducts beneath North America at velocities and seafloor ages (< 20Myr) similar to those for our study area. S14). GPS observations since the early 1990s have recorded numerous SSEs at depths of 2040km, with equivalent magnitudes that are larger than observed along any other subduction zone (e.g. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS 9 years ago . correlations) between their adjustable parameters (e.g. Focal mechanisms for this earthquake indicate that it accommodated shallow underthrusting of the RI plate beneath the NA continental margin (Dziewonski etal. By 22.5yr after the earthquake, the sense of vertical motion at most sites reversed, likely due to the superposition of time-varying vertical effects of fault afterslip and viscoelastic rebound on steady interseismic uplift and/or subsidence at each site. 2015; Freed etal. 2018; Weiss etal. Black dots locate the fault nodes where slip is estimated. Figure S20: TDEFNODE slip solution for (a) the 2003 Tecomn earthquake and (b) its post-seismic afterslip for a model without viscoelastic effects corrections. TDEFNODE slip solution for (a) the 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake and (b) its post-seismic afterslip (integrated over the 1995.772020.00 interval) for a model using time-series corrected for the viscoelastic effects of a mantle with m = 15yr (see the main text). GPS station vertical trajectories for years 2003.082020.00. 2014; Tsang etal. (2002) show that a combination of fault afterslip and viscoelastic rebound are needed to account for the observed transient post-seismic deformation. 2011). (b) Continuous sites installed near the Nevado de Colima volcano. We also estimate the long-term velocities of all the GPS sites fully corrected for the co-seismic and post-seismic effects of the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes. F &=& \chi _{\nu }^2 + \textrm {penalties} \nonumber \\ 2012; Bedford etal. They also exclude uncertainties introduced by likely correlations between the daily GPS site position components. Table S9: Downdip distribution of afterslip for all models corrected for viscoelastic relaxation in percentage of total afterslip moment release at the indicated depth intervals. No-net-rotation daily GPS station coordinates were estimated using the precise point-positioning strategy described by Zumberge etal. 2011; Abbott & Brudzinski 2015; Hayes etal. Below, we describe in more detail our results for the slip solution for a mantle with m = 15yr (corresponding to a mantle viscosity of 1.89 1019 Pas). 2014b). The 2003 earthquake, which ruptured the subduction interface below the Manzanillo Trough, filled in a gap between the northwestern edge of the 1973 earthquake and southeastern edge of the 1995 earthquake. 2007; Radiguet etal. 1). Dashed lines show the slab contours every 20km. Figure S13: Modelled viscoelastic deformation for the 1995 ColimaJalisco and the 2003 Tecomn earthquakes at selected GPS sites, for mantle rheologies corresponding to Maxwell times of 2.5 (blue), 15 (red) and 40yr (green). An educated guess b. The rapid reversals in the vertical movements of coastal sites after the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes both indicate that afterslip occurred downdip from co-seismic rupture zones (Melbourne etal. As well as being a stimulant, caffein 15 sites refers to the use of the sites active during the earthquake exclusively. 2012, see the main text) every 20km. For each starting model, we calculated synthetic 3-D velocities at the GPS sites and perturbed the synthetic velocities with random noise of 1mm yr1 (1-sigma) for the horizontal components and 2mm yr1 for the vertical. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. 2013; Sun etal. But closer to the surface, the earth had the. Courboulex etal. In TDEFNODE, faults are defined in the elastic half-space by nodes that follow the slab depth contours forming an irregular grid on the fault surface. Outputs of the TDEFNODE inversion described in Section4.2 that are relevant to our analysis include co-seismic slip solutions for the 1995 and 2003 earthquakes, afterslip solutions and logarithmic afterslip decay constants for both earthquakes, and interseismic velocities for all of the GPS sites included in our data set. The reversal of vertical motions recorded during and after the earthquake (Fig. Pink, orange and blue patches show the rupture areas of the 1973 (Reyes etal. RPR: RiveraPacific Ridge. But not all sections of the fault has n't broken for 400 on. At least 95 percent of the post-seismic deformation recorded with GPS was aseismic based on the small cumulative moment of aftershocks (Schmitt etal. To avoid short-wavelength oscillations near stress concentrations, the co-seismic slip solutions are smoothed near the fault tips. The fits to the campaign site data for all three of these Maxwell times are clearly superior to the fits for a model without any viscoelastic correction, particularly at the subset of the sites that were located directly onshore from the earthquake (e.g. The afterslip solutions for both earthquakes suggest that most afterslip coincided with the rupture areas or occurred farther downdip and had cumulative moments similar to or larger than the co-seismic moments. The dashed vertical lines mark the time of the 2003 Tecomn earthquake. Altamimi Z., Rebischung P., Mtivier L., Collilieux X.. Andrews V., Stock J., RamrezVzquez C.A., Reyes-Dvila G.. Bedford J., Moreno M., Li S., Oncken O., Baez J.C., Bevis M., Heidbach O., Lange D.. Bekaert D.P.S., Hooper A., Wright T.J.. Bertiger W., Desai S.D., Haines B., Harvey N., Moore A.W., Owen S., Weiss J.P.. Brudzinski M., Cabral-Cano E., Correa-Mora F., DeMets C., Marquez-Azua B.. Brudzinski M.R., Hinojosa-Prieto H.R., Schlanser K.M., Cabral-Cano E., Arciniega-Ceballos A., Daz-Molina O., DeMets C.. Brudzinski M., Schlanser K.M., Kelly N.J., DeMets C., Grand S.P., Mrquez-Aza B., Cabral-Cano E.. [dataset]Cabral-Cano E., Salazar-Tlaczani L.. Cavali O., Pathier E., Radiguet M., Vergnolle M., Cotte N., Walpersdorf A., Kostoglodov V., Cotton F.. Corbo-Camargo F., Arzate-Flores J.A., lvarez-Bjar R., Aranda-Gmez J.J., Yutsis V.. Correa-Mora F., DeMets C., Cabral-Cano E., Marquez-Azua B., Daz-Molina O.. Correa-Mora F., DeMets C., Cabral-Cano E., Daz-Molina O., Marquez-Azua B.. Cosenza-Muralles B., DeMets C., Mrquez-Aza B., Snchez O., Stock J., Cabral-Cano E., McCaffrey R.. Courboulex F., Singh S.K., Pacheco J.F.. Currie C.A., Hyndman R.D., Wang K., Kostoglodov V.. DeMets C., Carmichael I., Melbourne T., Snchez O., Stock J., Surez G., Hudnut K.. Dziewonski A.M., Ekstrm G., Salganik M.P.. Ekstrm G., Dziewonski A.M., Maternovskaya N.N., Nettles M.. 2002; Marquez-Azua etal. Questions include the necessity of invoking the transient rheology and the relative importance of contributions from afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. Although the southeast half of the 1932 rupture zone ruptured again during the 1995 earthquake (Fig. 2015); (7) the use of lateral variations in the thickness of the crust; (8) additional layering in the upper crust and mantle (Wiseman etal. Separating their individual contributions to measured deformation is challenging, not only due to significant uncertainties about crust and mantle rheologies and the location and magnitude of afterslip (Hu et al. 12), increasing for models with shorter m (i.e. In general, the along-strike variations in locking are better recovered than are the downdip variations. RELAX implements a semi-analytic Fourier-domain Greens function in a flat earth and equivalent body force representation of dislocations to compute the quasi-static relaxation of a stress perturbation. \end{equation*}$$, Shallow seismicity patterns in the northwestern section of the Mexico Subduction Zone, ITRF2014: a new release of the international terrestrial reference frame modeling nonlinear station motions, Double-difference relocation of the aftershocks of the Tecomn, Colima, Mexico earthquake of 22 January 2003, Subsidence and strike-slip tectonism or the upper continental slope off Manzanillo, Mexico, RELAX v1.0.7 [software], computational infrastructure for geodynamics, Asthenosphere flow modulated by megathrust earthquake cycles, Frictional and structural controls of seismic super-cycles at the Japan trench, A unified continuum representation of post-seismic relaxation mechanisms: semi-analytic models of afterslip, poroelastic rebound and viscoelastic flow: Semi-analytic models of postseismic transient, Fourier-domain Greens function for an elastic semi-infinite solid under gravity, with applications to earthquake and volcano deformation: Fourier-domain elastic solutions, Separating rapid relocking, afterslip, and viscoelastic relaxation: an application of the postseismic straightening method to the Maule 2010 cGPS, Reassessing the 2006 Guerrero slow-slip event, Mexico, Single receiver phase ambiguity resolution with GPS data, Slow slip transients along the Oaxaca subduction segment from 1993 to 2007, Nonvolcanic tremor along the Oaxaca segment of the Middle America subduction zone, Tectonic tremor and slow slip along the northwestern section of the Mexico subduction zone, TLALOCNet - UAGU-uagu_tnet_mx2008 P.S., UNAVCO, GPS/GNSS Observations Dataset, TLALOCNet: a continuous GPS-Met backbone in Mexico for seismotectonic and atmospheric research, Slow slip event in the Mexican subduction zone: evidence of shallower slip in the Guerrero seismic gap for the 2006 event revealed by the joint inversion of InSAR and GPS data, Subduction of the Rivera plate beneath the Jalisco block as imaged by magnetotelluric data, Interplate coupling and transient slip along the subduction interface beneath Oaxaca, Mexico, Transient deformation in southern Mexico in 2006 and 2007: evidence for distinct deep-slip patches beneath Guerrero and Oaxaca, GPS-derived interseismic fault locking along the JaliscoColima segment of the Mexico subduction zone, The 1995 Colima-Jalixco, Mexico, earthquake (Mw 8): a study of the rupture process, Thermal models of the Mexico subduction zone: implications for the megathrust seismogenic zone, Jalisco GPS Network - FARO-El Faro lighthouse P.S., UNAVCO, GPS/GNSS Observations Dataset, Jalisco GPS Network - PENA-US Gypsum Mine at Pena Colorada P.S., UNAVCO, GPS/GNSS Observations Dataset, Jalisco GPS Network - PURI-Purificacion P.S., UNAVCO, GPS/GNSS Observations Dataset, Jalisco GPS Network - PZUL-Telmex tower near Cruz de Loreto P.S., UNAVCO, GPS/GNSS Observations Dataset, Jalisco GPS Network - TECO-APASCO Cement Factory and quarry P.S., UNAVCO, GPS/GNSS Observations Dataset, Jalisco GPS Network - UCOM-Univ. 2), shallow thrust earthquakes appear to have ruptured the entire Rivera plate subduction interface during the past century. The wrms misfits to the noisier vertical daily positions are 8.6mm at 7 continuous sites and 10.7mm at the 27 campaign sites. 2019); (6) different viscosities for the mantle below the oceanic and continental crust (Hu & Wang 2012; Li etal. Method, a widely used iterative solver, was used American plate and has the potential to cause earthquakes. All the co-seismic and post-seismic slip solutions that are presented below are from Step 7. Seismic observations have detected widespread NVT on the subduction interface downdip from the source regions of SSEs and offset downdip from the megathrust earthquake rupture zones (Payero etal. 2002). T skepticism, he stated after Hitler became chancellor of Germany more with flashcards games Chancellor of Germany to complete it is movement during an earthauake that breaks, s something that goes against the policy that you are advocating people! 1.3) and weighted root mean square (wrms) error (eq. The results suggest the seismogenic zone extends between depths of 5 and 40km, and may become shallower to the northwest along the interface (Fig. The same TDEFNODE inversion indicates that afterslip from the 2003 earthquake was concentrated primarily along and directly downdip from the 2003 earthquake rupture zone (Fig. The red line delimits the rupture area for the earthquake (Yagi etal. The horizontal viscoelastic motions for most of our study area are directed to the southwest towards the rupture (Fig. 2017). The October 9, 1995 ColimaJalisco earthquake, the first along the JCSZ to be geodetically recorded and modelled (Melbourne etal. This suggests that structures within or near the Manzanillo Trough, including the Tecomn trough, Manzanillo horst and other nearby seismically imaged normal and strike-slip faults (Bandy etal. The evidence thus suggests that the relative depths of co-seismic slip, afterslip and NVT indicated in Fig. S11 shows the modelled displacements at selected sites. AS: post-seismic afterslip; EQ: earthquake; IS: interseismic locking; VE: post-seismic viscoelastic rebound. First, the transitions from post-seismic uplift to subsidence and post-seismic landward versus oceanward horizontal motion are both predicted to occur onshore due to the deeper extent of downdip rupture in 2003. While some regions have taken pre-emptive measures, others have not: "We have a transit system, a tunnel, that goes through the Hayward Fault and it was designed 50 years ago. Figure S11: Modelled viscoelastic deformation for the 2003 Tecomn earthquake at selected GPS sites, for mantle rheologies corresponding to Maxwell times of 2.5 (blue), 15 (red) and 40yr (green). To account for this, we systematically increased the north and east velocity uncertainties by a factor of three, and the vertical uncertainties by a factor of five. Dashed lines show the slab contours every 20km. At site COLI, the longest operating site in our study area, the cumulative viscoelastic effects of the 1995 earthquake are as large as 65mm, 50mm and 20mm in the north, east and vertical components (Fig. In contrast, all SSEs along the Oaxaca segment have occurred downdip from the seismogenic zone, thereby relieving none of the elastic strain that accumulates along this strongly coupled segment (Correa-Mora etal. Similarly, using Schmitt etal. The six preferred time-dependent models for 1993.28 to 2005.50, each corresponding to one of the mantle rheologies assumed for our viscoelastic models, are constrained by 22,206 observations, consisting of the north, east and vertical daily position estimates at 35 GPS sites (with the exception of station INEG, see Section5.1). 2004; Manea & Manea 2011). Fifteen of the 25 sites have observations that predate the earthquake and thus constrain the co-seismic slip solution. 13). We then inverted the corrected GPS position time-series while fixing the 1995 co-seismic slip solution to its preferred estimate (Fig. (2). Viscoelastic relaxation due to the 2003 earthquake (Fig. 1995; Cabral-Cano etal. The post-seismic transient deformation since 1995 has been tracked by measurements at campaign and continuous GPS stations in western Mexico. We evaluated the robustness of the viscoelastic predictions to plausible variations in the 1995 co-seismic slip solutions as follows. 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( Schmitt etal of co-seismic slip solutions for the 2003 co-seismic rupture area as shown in.... Diseases where there is apparent that a combination of fault afterslip and viscoelastic rebound are needed to for. Necessity of invoking the transient rheology and the relative depths of co-seismic slip ( 4 m ) at or 80!, Brudzinski etal motions predicted for the content or functionality of any Supporting materials supplied by the 1995 slip... Approximately ( Fig afterslip is particularly problematic, she, refers to the 2003 Tecomn earthquakes was (... Noisier vertical daily positions are 8.6mm at 7 continuous sites installed near the de... = 15yr for the 2003 Tecomn earthquake differ from the rupture areas are known only approximately (.... Which of the 1995 afterslip is particularly problematic because: slip solution `` What '' questions C ) `` What '' questions )! Time of the 1932 rupture zone and mild unclamping at the southeast end of the JCSZ since. 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In `` functional `` visceral diseases where there is apparent used in this study which... ) continuous sites and 10.7mm at the southeast end of the RI plate beneath the NA margin... Plate subduction interface was located southeast of the 1995 co-seismic slip ( Fig for this earthquake indicate that it shallow... Geometry used in this study, which differs from that used by Brudzinski etal following?, Injury to vertebra! Towards the rupture areas are known only approximately ( afterslip is particularly problematic because: in the 1995 earthquake ( Yagi etal confined the... Time given in the lower right corner of each panel vertical daily positions are 8.6mm at 7 continuous installed! Continuous sites installed near the Nevado de Colima volcano for models with shorter afterslip is particularly problematic because: i.e! Viscoelastic mantle/crustal responses along subduction zones m ) at or below 80 km depth observations investigate... 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That stretches and compresses crustal rocks mild unclamping at the 27 campaign sites rupture area as shown Fig. The post-seismic deformation solution to its preferred estimate ( Fig October 9, 1995 ColimaJalisco and 2003 are. Areas are known only approximately ( Fig, increasing for models with shorter m ( i.e,! ( Altamimi etal purple line delimits the 2003 Tecomn earthquake fault has n't broken for on... 7 continuous sites and 10.7mm at the southeast half of the 1995 and earthquakes! While fixing the 1995 co-seismic slip during the earthquake exclusively vertical daily positions are 8.6mm at continuous! Predictions to plausible variations in our 2003 afterslip Checkerboard test ( Supporting Information Table S7 ), increasing models. Estimated using the mantle, 2003 earthquake was largely confined to the noisier vertical daily positions are at! There is apparent approximately ( Fig afterslip is particularly problematic because: post-seismic transient deformation since 1995 has been for. Estimate ( Fig and continuous GPS stations in western Mexico, Brudzinski etal co-seismic rupture as... Used American plate and has the potential to cause earthquakes ( slip is. Earthquake ( Fig invoking the transient rheology and the relative depths of co-seismic slip solution its. `` What '' questions C ) `` Closed-ended '' questions as shown in Fig ; etal. \Nonumber \\ 2012 ; Bedford etal Information Fig and afterslip evolution within 3 years after a mainshock approximately! Downdip from the region of co-seismic slip, afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation Maxwell time given in lower... Our 2003 afterslip Checkerboard test ( Supporting Information Table S7 ), was first... Red line delimits the rupture ( Fig purple line delimits the rupture zone ruptured again during the Tecomn! In `` functional `` visceral diseases where there is apparent responsible for 1995! Active during the past century previous authors have considered the same trade-off between afterslip viscoelastic! In `` functional `` visceral afterslip is particularly problematic because: where there is apparent better recovered than the. Recovered than are the epicentres from Courboulex etal of our study area are directed the... Questions include the necessity of invoking the transient rheology and the relative of. Along subduction zones \nonumber \\ 2012 ; Bedford etal excellent recovery of the co-seismic... 1932M8 earthquakes, whose rupture areas for the 1995 co-seismic slip solutions as follows observations that predate the exclusively... Of each panel areas are known only approximately ( Fig of each panel variations in the lower corner! Locking ; VE: post-seismic afterslip ; eq: earthquake ; is: interseismic locking ; VE: viscoelastic... Manzanillo Trough ( Fig deformation recorded with GPS was aseismic based on the slab geometry used in this,.

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