D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. When he pulls his ear lobe and rubs his chin, he is telling the truth. 44. 24. If the United States undertakes military operations, either by authorization from Congress or under the Presidents independent powers, the Constitution makes the President Commander in Chief of all U.S. military forces, and Congress cannot give command to any other person. B. are rooted in tradition only; they have no basis in the language of the Constitution. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. B. America became more of a world power. Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. C. White House Office. But the evidencesuch as his decision to schedule the withdrawal of 1,000 advisers from Vietnam at the end of 1963suggests to me that he was intent on maintaining his control of foreign policy by avoiding another Asian land war. . B. What's the difference between formal and enumerated powers? Which of the following did the framers want from a president? B. hold a single primary for presidential candidates from each major party. Upon taking office, Johnson,. Thus, as a case in point, Congress likely violated the Clause in an 1867 appropriations rider that sought to insulate Ulysses S. Grantthen the commanding general of the U.S. Armyfrom President Andrew Johnson by, among other things, requiring all orders to go through Grant (and voiding all orders that didnt); precluding Grants removal by Johnson without Senate approval; and fixing Grants headquarters in Washington (where, presumably, he would be closer to Congress). D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. Examples include issuing executive orders and negotiating executive agreements. D. should provide strong leadership in the area of foreign policy but not in domestic policy. E. All these answers are correct. So construed, the Calling Forth Clause undermines the ever-more-visible arguments in favor of strong and unilateral domestic presidential war powers. E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote, E. Ralph Nader received 3 percent of the popular vote. The unpopular war and Johnsons political demise signaled a turn against executive dominance of foreign policy, particularly of a presidents freedom to lead the country into a foreign conflict unilaterally. To ensure domestic support for his decisionand in spite of calls by some members of Congress for a more aggressive responseKennedy went on national television at 7 p.m. on October 22 with a 17-minute address to the nation that emphasized Soviet responsibility for the crisis and his determination to compel the withdrawal of offensive weapons from Cuba. to anyone other than the President., Although that principle, read narrowly, would only prohibit Congress from literally placing someone other than the President atop the U.S. military hierarchy, it presumably also means that Congress cannot insulate parts of the military from the Presidents superintendence or interfere with the Presidents supervisory role, lest Congress have the power to effectively undermine the Presidents command authorityand, in Justice Jacksons words, convert the Clause into an empty title.. 7. The forced removal of a president from office through impeachment and conviction requires action by the The President's Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs, 26. Shortly . E. None of these answers is correct. How does the structure of the government help prevent tyranny? On one hand, a powerful executive permits quick and decisive action, which is important for responding to current events. An executive branch led by a single person. B. spin control D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. Formal powers of the president Informal powers of the president Issuing signing statements indicating the president's intentions for executing a law are an informal presidential power that has become more prevalent in the modern era. After noting that the world is very different now from the world of the Framers because man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life, he announced that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans and made the pledge that has echoed ever since: Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty., After discoursing on the challenges of eradicating hunger and disease and the necessity of global cooperation in the cause of peace, he declared that [i]n the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. Then he issued the call for which he is best remembered: And so, my fellows Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country., The address was immediately recognized as ex-ceptionally eloquenta rallying cry (the Chicago Tribune), a speech of rededication (the Philadelphia Bulletin), a call to action which Americans have needed to hear for many a year (the Denver Post)and acutely attuned to a moment that promised both advances in American prowess and grave peril from Soviet expansion. C. 1865 A. was introduced during the Jacksonian era. 12. B. John Kerry accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. A. As Alexander Hamilton explained in The Federalist No. It requires hostilities to end within sixty days unless Congress extends the period. This peaceful resolution strengthened both Kennedys and the publics affinity for unilateral executive control of foreign policy. Ooops. They can only be issued in matters of national security. Nobody can say with confidence exactly what JFK would have done in Southeast Asia if he had lived to hold a second term, and the point remains one of heated debate. 30. E. VII, 14. C. elimination of the unit rule C. New York D. The constitutional powers of the vice presidency have been increased by Congress twice during U.S. history. The presidential advisory unit that, as a whole, has declined significantly as an advisory resource for the president in the twentieth century is the That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). How much power should the president have? B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. The question is whether they were equal to the threat developing, not dramatically but slowly, on the other side of the world.) Thus a so-called missile gap became a major issue in the 1960 campaign: Kennedy, the Democratic candidate, charged Vice President Richard M. Nixon, his Republican opponent, with responsibility for a decline in national security. The unresolved problems attached to these conflicts have once again raised concerns about the wisdom of fighting wars without more definitive support. B. B. the U.S. House of Representatives E. the people, in a runoff election, 15. C. Theodore Roosevelt. Nixons affinity for what Arthur Schlesinger would later describe as the imperial presidency was reflected in his decisions to bomb Cambodia secretly in 1969 to disrupt North Vietnams principal supply route to insurgents in South Vietnam and to invade Cambodia in 1970 to target the supply route and to prevent Communist control of the country. B. enjoyed Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. The 19th Amendment: How Women Won the Vote. A. has the strong support of the American people. B. A. is a shared office where the president and the cabinet are equally powerful. B. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. 2023 National Constitution Center. E. They were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive. D. the endorsement of the mass media. how has the president's power increased from the start of presidenticy? E. It removes from Congress the power to restrict the timing or size of president-initiated military actions. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. A. the U.S. Senate b. from time to time, the public elects someone of exceptional talent. Kennedys inaugural address had signaled a foreign policy driven by attempts to satisfy hopes for peace. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. B. is used in Europe as well as in the United States. B. elimination of candidate selection by primary A. extraordinarily strong office with sufficient powers to enable the president to control national policy under virtually all circumstances. Prior to the Constitution, other nations routinely issued goal-setting declarations and fought limited wars. C. Benjamin Harrison He called for cooperation from the nations allies in Europe, for democracy in Africas newly independent nations and for a new alliance for progress with our sister republics south of the border. In addressing the Communist threat, he sought to convey both statesmanship and resolvehis famous line Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate came only after he had warned the Soviets and their recently declared allies in Cuba that this hemisphere intends to remain master of its own house.. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. Barack Obama does not appear to have fully grasped the Truman lesson on the political risks of unilateral executive action in foreign affairs. E. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay accepted nominations to the vice presidency as stepping stones to the presidency. Here, President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush examine legislation in the Oval Office in 1984. D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. C. Jimmy Carter 43. Interactions among branches of government. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. A. George W. Bush won the popular vote. 13. C. must be a natural-born citizen He altered the stewardship theory to reduce the power of the presidency while remaining an activist president. He also argues that a single executive is less dangerous to democracy than a council, because it is easier to identify and remove one corrupt person than to discover who among several leaders is a bad actor. But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. E. must be a Protestant. A. national leadership A more difficult question is how much authority the Clause gives the President beyond operations approved by Congress. Most notably, Congress has power to make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces. Nothing in the Constitution requires these Rules to be consistent with the Presidents desires (although of course the President can resist them using the veto power). Whereas today candidates rely on the media, previously they based their campaigns on the B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. E. Supreme Court in a judicial proceeding. D. staging of personal appearances. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. In contrast to the Constitution, the Articles gave Congress the powers of making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and of directing their operations (emphasis added). In meeting the challenges of his time, Kennedy sharply expanded the power of the presidency, particularly in foreign affairs. 21. 46. The Constitution explicitly assigns to the president the power to sign or veto legislation,command the armed forces, request the written opinion of his cabinet, convene or suspend congress,grant pardons and pardons,and receive ambassadors. But in general, the former power encompasses creating standing directions and punishments that broadly control behavior of the military (such as the articles of war, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, or statutes such as the War Crimes Act); the latter power refers to contingent orders made in response to developments in battles and campaigns. Congress proved so inept in foreign affairs that the American people demanded a change. 10. B. Direct link to Izabela Scallions's post role as a commander, what, Posted 4 days ago. S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court appeared to reject this argument in invalidating military tribunals created by President Bush to try non-citizen terrorism suspects. 5. The selection of the vice presidential nominee at the national convention is based on the Things like responses to natural disasters or wars with other countries often necessitate more power for the presidency for quick action. Cookie Settings, Frank Scherschel / Time Life Pictures / Getty Images, John Dominis / Time & Life Pictures / Getty Images, prime-time campaign debates against Nixon, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. What did Alexander Hamilton argue about war in Federalist No. E. poor circumstance related to the economy. A. the two-presidency problem. D. must be a white male To be sure, the Presidents control over foreign affairs had been growing since the Theodore Roosevelt administration (and still grows today). Which of the following happened in the presidential election of 2000? He sought to act only within the confines of expressly-granted constitutional authority. On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. In addition, Congresss power to declare war likely includes power to set wartime goals and to limit a wars scope. However, contrary to the second view, the Constitutions enumeration of Congresss specific military powers indicates that Congress does not have plenary authority over military operations. It was a challenge that Kennedy saw fit to manage exclusively with his White House advisers. E. midterm elections. A. work of grass-roots organizers. D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. To be sure, it may often be difficult to draw a clear line between legislative Rules for the conduct of the military, on one hand, and executive direction of military operations on the other. the common strength by a single person. A. True, he wanted a show of Congressional backing for any major steps he tookhence the Tonkin Gulf Resolution in 1964, which authorized him to use conventional military force in Southeast Asia. D. had a 37 percent success rate with Congress. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. Although the people continued to esteem Eisenhower himselfhis popularity was between 58 percent and 68 percent in his last year in officethey blamed his administration for allowing the Soviets to develop a dangerous advantage over the United States. 40. The continuing belief that Truman had trapped the United States in an unwinnable land war in Asia by crossing the 38th Parallel in Korea, the distress at Johnsons judgment in leading the country into Vietnam, and the perception that Nixon had prolonged the war there for another four yearsa war that would cost the lives of more than 58,000 U.S. troops, more than in any foreign war save for World War IIprovoked national cynicism about presidential leadership. Which of the following is a formal constitutional requirement for becoming president? The effect wears off, and you have to take another. He predicted that if the conflict in Vietnam were ever converted into a white mans war, we would lose the way the French had lost a decade earlier.. B. E. 1939. D.whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. D. the Supreme Court Which of the following was a provision of the War Powers Act? Nixons actions exemplified his belief that a president could conduct foreign affairs without Congressional, press or public knowledge. Council of Economic Advisers. 29. C. House and Senate in a joint session. E. None of these answers is correct. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. 69? It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. B. the U.S. House of Representatives Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak on Tuesday urged pro-UK politicians in Northern Ireland to grab the economic "prize" on offer after he secured a breakthrough reform deal with the European Union.On a visit to the tense province, Sunak said he was "over the moon" at clinching the pact with European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen on Monday.Following their meeting in the royal town . in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? . Almost always, the focus has been on the veto power, and questions have cen-tered on how much leverage this gives presidents to shape legislative outcomes. Ronald Reagan informed Congress of his decisions to commit U.S. troops to actions in Lebanon and Grenada, then suffered from the Iran-Contra scandal, in which members of his administration plotted to raise funds for anti-Communists in Nicaraguaa form of aid that Congress had explicitly outlawed. C. George W. Bush did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. An opposing view, developed by Professor Saikrishna Prakash in a series of articles and an important 2015 book on executive power, sees Congress as having complete power over the military through various clauses of Article I, Section 8, with the Presidents substantive command authority operating only where Congress has not provided specific direction. A. guide the military in its use of force in field situations where it is impractical to seek direction from the president. B. Direct link to scrublorf30's post Role as commander-in-chie, Posted 2 years ago. A. Howard Dean did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. D. They can only be made with the approval of a president's entire cabinet. role as a commander, what presidents have used this power to expand the presidency? How may having a single executive lead to tyranny? 35. Powers claimed by presidents as necessary in order to execute the law. Although he was quite skeptical that some 1,400 Cuban exiles trained and equipped by the CIA could bring down Fidel Castros regime, Kennedy agreed to allow them to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961. C. the U.S. government's small role in world affairs Of course, there can simply be no question that the Constitution empowers the federal government, acting in concert, to act decisivelyand expeditiouslyduring domestic emergencies; the Constitution, after all, is not a suicide pact. But it is not nearly as straight a line from accepting that point to accepting a sweeping and potentially preclusive domestic Commander in Chief power. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. D. of the desire of U.S. business to expand into Latin America and Asia, which required executive action at the highest level. Both reflected the countrys traditional affinity for idealistic solutions to global problems and aimed to give the United States an advantage in the contest with Communism for hearts and minds. 1789 A. the inability of the president to influence the legislative priorities of Congress, even though the party in power pays lip-service to the president's agenda After Trumans experience, Eisenhower understood that Americans still looked to the White House for answers to foreign threatsas long as those answers did not exceed certain limits in blood and treasure. Bill Clinton For Kennedy, the Presidency offered the chance to exercise executive power. Mitchel A . Domestic Affairs. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. Did an Ancient Magnetic Field Reversal Cause Chaos for Life on Earth 42,000 Years Ago? D. New Hampshire C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? But that law, which has been contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous record. Antiwar protests, with pickets outside the White House chanting, Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today? suggested the erosion of Johnsons political support. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. C. had a congressional success rate of more than 80 percent. D. office where power depends almost entirely on its occupant; strong leaders are always successful presidents, and weak ones never succeed. 29. B. inherently weak office, in that presidents have almost no capacity to influence the major directions of national policy. The president's constitutional roles, such as chief executive and commander in chief, B. the sectional nature of the nation's major issues C. is the office most representative of the people. C. define the relationship between the United States and its allies. Unlike Truman, Kennedy was already quite aware that the success of any major policy initiative depended on a national consensus. E. manipulating the media, 41. The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. 33. 23. The Supreme Court, in ruling in 1974 that Nixon had to release White House tape recordings that revealed his actions on Watergate, reined in presidential powers and reasserted the influence of the judiciary. Naval Forces they were ruled unconstitutional and are no longer used by the executive branch language of following! Actions exemplified his belief that a president could conduct foreign affairs that the did. 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